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In the limited context of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the term covers Canada, the United States, and Mexico, which are the three signatories of that treaty.įrance, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania, Greece, and the countries of Latin America use a six-continent model, with the Americas viewed as a single continent and North America designating a subcontinent comprising Canada, the U.S., Mexico, and Saint Pierre et Miquelon (politically part of France), and often Greenland, and Bermuda. "Northern America", as a term distinct from "North America", excludes Central America, which itself may or may not include Mexico. This has been formally defined by the UN Statistics Division. The United Nations formally recognizes "North America" as comprising three areas: Northern America, Central America, and the Caribbean.
The totality of North America seen by the Apollo 16 crew, with Canada covered by clouds The Spanish Empire called its territories in North and South America "Las Indias" the state body overseeing them was the Council of the Indies. Gerardus Mercator on his map called North America "America or New India" ( America sive India Nova). In 1538, Gerard Mercator used America on his map of the world for the entire Western Hemisphere. Later mapmakers extended the name America to the northern continent. Waldseemüller used the Latinized version of Vespucci's name (Americus Vespucius), but in its feminine form "America", following the examples of "Europa", "Asia" and "Africa". On a 1553 world map published by Petrus Apianus, North America was called Baccalearum, meaning "realm of the Cod fish", in reference to the abundance of Cod fish on the east coast. What was known about the continent was referred to as Parias above what is today Mexico. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a world map, in which he placed the word "America" on the continent of South America. Vespucci, who explored South America between 14, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. The Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. However, in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Central America, there are indigenous populations continuing their cultural traditions and speaking native languages. Owing to Europe's colonization of the Americas, most North Americans speak European languages such as English, Spanish or French, and their cultures commonly reflect Western traditions. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves, immigrants from Europe, Asia, and the descendants of these groups. Christopher Columbus's arrival in 1492 sparked a transatlantic exchange which included migrations of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the early modern period. The first recorded Europeans to visit North America (other than Greenland) were the Norse around 1000 AD. The classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries.
The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago (the beginning of the Archaic or Meso-Indian period). North America was reached by its first human populations during the Last Glacial Period, via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 20,000 to 17,000 years ago. In human geography and in the English-speaking world outside the United States, particularly in Canada, "North America" and "North American" can refer to just Canada and the United States together. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's population. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometres (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as a part of North America geographically. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. Map of populous North America showing physical, political and population characteristics as per 2018
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